The Limits of Cyberspace :: Technology Internet Technological Essays

The Limits of Cyberspace Lev Manovich’s wider history of vision and Simon Cook’s amendments to it reveal much about the recent developments in visual communication. This essay will use these two papers to show that today’s digital culture stems from late-Victorian methods of organization and Modernist visual forms. Also, it will discuss the current rate of progress, and the ultimate limit of technology in our world. Technology changes rapidly. Just a few years ago, the world was unable to stop discussing the rate of technological advancement. People laughed at Bill Gates’ famous quote, â€Å"with 1 MB RAM, we have a memory capacity, which will never be fully utilized,† and marvelled that â€Å"processor speed doubles every 18 months.† Some thinkers, coming to grips with this amazing rate of development, have stopped looking solely at the slope of technological progress and have begun looking also at the history of human interaction with technology, as well as making predictions about its future. A new work at the forefront of the discussion of the history of the digital revolution is UCSD professor Lev Manovich’s â€Å"The Language of New Media.† The ideas contained in this book are essentially elaborations of the ideas in his doctoral dissertation, â€Å"The Engineering of Vision from Constructivism to Computers,† and a few articles published on his website. In â€Å"The Engineering of Vision from Constructivism to Computers,† Manovich discusses at length the recent developments in modern vision as well as analyzing its present state. Over the last hundred and thirty years, says Manovich, there has been a dramatic decrease in the physical difficulty of labor and a correspondingly large increase in the need for the use of the eye and mind to perform productively. Manovich divides this time period into three separate stages. Firstly, from 1870 to 1920, he states that Venn, Freud, and others created new systems for visual reasoning. â€Å"For the first time, we can find in their work the explicit justifications for the very notion of reasoning through vision.† According to Manovich, these â€Å"diferent models of how vision can be used in reasoning represent the first stage in the reversal of attitude towards the inadequacy of vision.† The second stage begins in 1870 and continues until 1920. It encompasses the transition from physical labor to â€Å"visual labor†, when the muscular effort of physical labor is slowly replaced by the labor of the eye looking for changing details in a managerial workplace.

Harlem Renaissance Music Essay

Harlem Renaissance refers to the development of African-American arts and culture in the United States, immediately after the World War I. According to reports, the revolutionary development in the arts and culture started in Harlem, New York, thus the name â€Å"Harlem Renaissance. † Harlem Renaissance is believed to have happened between years 1919 and 1930, with 1924 to 1929 as the years when it reached its peak (Charters S. and Kundstadt L. ; â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). The initiators and participants of the Harlem Renaissance movement include the descendants of different societies who had witnessed and first-handedly experienced slavery. Most of which were Africans or people of African descent. Others were migrants from certain racial communities and were seeking for their place in a relatively â€Å"unprejudiced† society in the United States. What was common among the participants of Harlem Renaissance was their desire for the change especially in terms of racism and African stereotyping. The union of these people based on this one value had been the seed of Harlem Renaissance which then became a major influence on not only on people with African roots across the world but also on the culture of America (Hutchinson,G. ; â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). In challenging the specter of racism, prejudice and African stereotyping, the participants of Harlem Renaissance invoked the power of cultural tools such as literature, art and music to represent a â€Å"different† African-American who is both intellectual and productive, and in effect initiate their integration in society without any racial barrier. Part of this revolution was to uplift the spirit of the race by unifying their culture. The media of Harlem Renaissance would hold no definition for â€Å"high-African culture† or â€Å"low-African† bringing forth a new wave of artistic forms of arts and literature, thus the rise of modernism; and in particular, music, which gave birth to blues and jazz (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). Harlem Music Blues Blues and Jazz are two types of music that have developed in the Harlem Renaissance period. Blues, as its name implies represents music that evokes sadness, especially that inflicted by difficulties in life and love. Blues is said to have evolved from the usual African hollers and by itself, could provide the listener with an insight of the history of African Americans from being communized to the emergence of individuation. Individualized or solo songs had never been usual in the African culture and the uniqueness of the characteristics of blues represents the then changing status of African-Americans: their freedom (McElrath, J. ). In blues, the individual is emphasized making this type of music a form that can be called â€Å"personalized. † Still, even though blues can be said to be far from the typical African music, some elements of the cultural type are still present in this new form. This is what characterizes blues as African and what gives this musical form a sort of â€Å"nationality†. The â€Å"call-and-response† characteristic of the African hollers for example are still present in blues, although has been somehow reinvented to fit in the characteristics of blues. In blues, responses are made not by another participant or some other external force but by the performer herself (McElrath, J. ). To reinstate, the characteristics of blues are a representation of the new African who is more self-assured and individualized. Blues singers are usually accompanied by guitars or harmonicas (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). Blues started as â€Å"folk blues† sung at leisure, medicine shows and touring carnivals. It became â€Å"classic blues† as it was given professional quality by African vaudeville singers who corresponded with the folk singers. With the African-American migration to the North in early 20th century, is the blues music (Hutchinson,G. ). Blues music first came to New Orleans. With the inter-state migration of different musicians, the Blues music was scattered and was able to come to Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Chicago, Detroit and then New York where different Blues musicians started to unite and popularize the style as they perform in different clubs, theaters and dance halls (McElrath, J. ). Again, as blues became a representation of the African’s new-found freedom not only from slavery and prejudices but also from the dogmatic imposition by institutions such as churches, the popularization of the music did not become difficult. It was easily appreciated especially by those with African descent who were craving for entertainment, thus, the start of theaters and other entertainment halls (McElrath, J. ). It was in 1920 when the music became popular with Mamie Smith’s â€Å"Crazy Blues† and â€Å"It’s Right Here For You. † Blues music was at first marketed only to the African community but as music companies decided to exploit the opportunity to enter the new market, other artists like Bessie Smite, Ma Rainie, Alberta Hunter and Ethel Waters sprang up and became popular blues performers (McElrath, J. ). As blues music continued to evolve, it gave rise to a new type of music which is now popularly known as jazz music. Jazz Jazz is considered as the characterizing music of the Harlem Renaissance. This type of music may appear to be simple for untrained ears but actually involves unknown technicalities that continue to become part of the present American culture (Schuller, S. ). Jazz works based on the theory that any chord progression could be played using infinite amount of melodies. It involves talent and improvisation by both the singer and the instrumentalist, with the singer doing repeated chord progressions and the instrumentalist doing variations of vocal styles and tonal effects. The result is the collaboration of two improvisations in a single music (Schuller, S. ). As said earlier, blues contributed to the development of jazz. It can be noticed that blues themes and forms are incorporated into jazz music. This gives jazz music an African character. What characterizes jazz as a truly unique type of music, even from blues, is the flexibility in which it can be played. There are no rules in rhythm that must be followed allowing the each individual performer to become flexible and free in creating his or her own rhythm. The most common instruments used by jazz performers are piano, drums, strings and bass. The use of saxophones in jazz is usually connected to an evolutionary product of jazz called the Chicago style (Schuller, S. ). The Chicago style of jazz came about as a result of the migration of jazz artists to Chicago. This type of jazz is known for its soloist performances, relatively more complex and more difficult rhythms. Like the Blues music, the inter-state migration of artists contributed to the spreading of jazz music and its coming to New York made it a huge part of Harlem Renaissance (Morgan, T. and Barlow, W. ). A lot of jazz experimentation happened in New York. These experimentations contributed significantly to the current richness of jazz. The famous piano style, â€Å"jazz stride† was the first piano style to be incorporated into jazz and was very popular in New York. The jazz artist, Fatts Waller is famous for this style. He was also the artist who started the jazz technique, Boogie-Woogie which can be characterized as a combination of different rythms and techniques with a peculiar and repeating bass pattern. Boogie-Woogie later became what is now called Rhythm and Blues (Morgan, T. and Barlow, W. ). James Reese Europe initiated another style of jazz during the era which involved huge orchestras while jazz bands were first put together by Fletcher Henderson. Included in Henderson’s jazz band were Coleman Hawkins, Don Redman and Louis Armstrong. Blues artists often work with jazz bands and individual jazz artists (Morgan, T. and Barlow, W. ; Schuller, S. ). Harlem Renaissance Musicians Louis Armstrong was famous for his technical and yet spontaneous abilities to play jazz. He is considered as among the greatest and influential of all Harlem Renaissance musicians. Unsurprisingly, Armstrong came from New Orleans which is one of the major places that contributed to the development of Harlem Renaissance music. He learned to play cornet while at a reform school when he was twelve and showed his interest in music by staying in blues and jazz clubs. His major influence was Joe â€Å"King† Oliver who became his father figure and mentor. Armstrong soon played for Oliver’s band in Chicago then left for New York to play for Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra. He also did lots of recordings with other Jazz and Blues artists like Clarence Williams, Red Onion Jazz, Carrol Dickenson and his wife, Lilian (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). Duke Ellington is another musical figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He was a composer and pianist and is considered to have brought jazz into concert halls as well as in churches. His style of music can be described as a combination of blues, jazz and swing constructed in solo instrumental performances. He was in New York City during the presented Harlem Renaissance period in 1923. At this time he was able to organize a 10-piece band (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). Dizzy Gillespie, was a trumpeter who was able to develop â€Å"Be-bop,† with other famous artists like Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke. â€Å"Be-bop† was considered as the rebellious and eccentric style of jazz. Gillespie also incorporated Latin and Cuban elements such as calypso, rhumba and tango with jazz. In addition to his contributions to music, Gillespie was also a supporter of equal rights movement (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). Other artists during the Harlem Renaissance include Josephine Baker; Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, and Charlie Parker, among others. Harlem Renaissance was a point in history when African-Americans united to prove the error in stereotyping in terms of intellect and productivity. The developments in music, particularly in Blues and Jazz are certain products of this movement and have given justice to the movement’s objective proving that African-Americans can not only be superior but also developers and re-inventors of what was then just cultural and now all cultural, sensational and global. Works Cited Charters S. and Kundstadt L. , â€Å"Jazz: A History of the New York Scene†, New York: Da Capo, 1981. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance,† University of Texas. 2006. 09 Dec 2006 â€Å"Harlem Renaissance. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2006. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 9 Dec 2006 . Hutchinson,G. , â€Å"The Harlem Renaisance in Black and White,† New York: Belknap Press, 1997 McElrath, J. , â€Å"The History of Blues Music. † About: African-American History. 2006. About, Inc. 9 Dec. 2006 < http://afroamhistory. about. com/od/bluesmusic/a/bluesmusic. htm>. Morgan, T. and Barlow, W. , â€Å"From Cakewalks to Concert Halls: An Illustrated History of African American Popular Music, From 1895-1930. Washington DC: Elliot and Clark, 1992. Schuller, S. â€Å"Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development,† New York: Oxford, 1986.

Analysis Of The Story The Story Of An Hour Essay

ENC1102 T/R 5:40PM TO 9:00PM WOLFSON CAMP ANALYSIS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN â€Å"THE STORY OF AN HOUR† â€Å"HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS† AND â€Å"THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS† JUAN FELIX CASTILLO BATISTA PROFESOR JOSEPH FALLAD This essay is an attempt to describe the females’ characters between three of the most powerful short stories I ever read. My goal is to describe and compare three different women, in their different circumstances and environments. I will try to analyze all three of them, physiologically and morally, while keeping in mind their time and place in history. This three short stories have a feminist point of view, among others, but I would like to focus on this one. While I compare I will give my opinion and share my views, based on their actions and behavior. Mrs. Mallard â€Å"The Story Of An Hour† Her name was Mrs. Mallard, one of the most, if not the only character that this short story is based on. Mrs. Mallard is the protagonist and focal point in this story. A typical woman in her century. She suffers from what Chopin describes as a delicate heart conditions, which is why she cannot take news so well. In the beginning of the story, by the first paragraph we can know that Mrs. Mallard is not well. Due to her condition she have people taking care of her, not directly, but people like Richard and Josephine that knowing her condition, measure the way they bring horribleShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Story Story Of An Hour 1388 Words   |  6 PagesStephanie Morales May 18, 2016 English V01B, Section 31953 Essay 3 Research Paper Word Count: Title Women throughout history have often been undermined and have never lived to their full potential. In the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour† the main character; Mrs. Mallard displays the ongoing struggles of what women during the eighteenth century had to go through. Men often had patriarchal values and dictated what type of behavior and traditional roles women had to follow that was deemed acceptableRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis703 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin narrates the emotional roller coaster Mrs. Mallard rides upon being informed of her husband’s unfortunate death. The plot and setting of this short story provide assistance in making the tale not only believable, but also relatable. The way the story is paced makes for a clear sequence of events and the setting is not exaggerated or focused distractingly. However, Chopin’s style of writing makes it somewhat difficult for the reader to process the meaning of Read MoreAn Analysis of â€Å"the Story of an Hour†1245 Words   |  5 PagesStephens Professor Freeland Eng 101 7 January 2009 An Analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Written in 1894, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a story of a woman who, through the erroneously reported death of her husband, experienced true freedom and happiness. Both tragic and ironic, the story deals with the boundaries imposed on women by society in the nineteenth century. The author Kate Chopin, like the character in her story, had first-hand experience with the male-dominated society of thatRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis993 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour†, a story that portrays a new side about marriage which is not known to everyone in the 1890s. Mrs. Mallard, the wife of Brently Mallard, heard the tragic news about her husbands death. She became sad and cried in the sorrow of losing her husband, but soon experienced the joy of being free. As the time goes by she sees her husband walk in the house and dies of losing freedom again. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the author Kate Chopin depicts Louises dream of achieving the forbi ddenRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour Analysis1120 Words   |  5 Pageslife, the one you promised to be together until death should be a reaction of hurting and a change in the way one views the future. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Kate Chopin’s makes use of irony to show how sometimes people do not show what they truly feel because most of ones feeling or reactions have already been predicted by others. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† the readers are introduced to a woman named Louise Mallard, which Kate Chopin’s informs over her â€Å"heart trouble† in the beginning to makeRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis1334 Words   |  6 Pagesabout hope. It is about being your own person without hesitation, without judgement. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† written by Kate Chopin and â€Å"AP† written by John Updike encounter two very different characters from different time periods who both long for freedom. Everyone who has had at least one job in their life that had expectation that needed to be met. Mrs. Mallard’s occupation from â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was a housewife except she did not have any children with her husband. The source of incomeRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis1023 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it mean to be happy and have your own identity in life? In the short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, some of the family and friends must deal with telling a loved one about the death of their spouse and one seems to be hasty and the other seems to be reluctant and tries to think of their loved one’s feelings and health to ensure that it’s not detrimental to their well-being. How Josephine felt about telling her sister about her husband’s death was like pulling teeth. Josephine beat aroundRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis1105 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† is all about a sickly wife who briefly believe that her husband is dead, and imagines a whole life of freedom to do whatever she want when ever she want to. In â€Å"The Story Of An Hour† by the author Kate Chopin, the protagonist Louise Mallard was introduced to Mr. Mallard from a heart condition therefore the people that were all around her treated her very gently. Josephine had came to her with shocking news. Josephine tries to confront Mrs. Mallard about Louise father (MrRead MoreStory Of An Hour Analysis869 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence throughout Kate Chopin’s entire story, The Story of an Hour, of her own history influencing the writing of the story. The details of the short story seem to resemble her own life. By looking into an author’s past a reader can better understand the messages and ideas the author is trying to convey; better revealing the truth behind a story and possibly giving the audience a peek into what an author has gone through or experienced. (Purdue) In this short story Louise and Chopin’s lives match inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Story Of An Hour And Carpathia 1079 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesReflections of Two Short Stories: â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"Carpathia† Being in a relationship is like being in a roller coaster, sometimes you enjoy the ride, sometimes you don’t. Even with the passing of the years, this statement hasn’t had considerable changes. Many women see themselves trapped in relationships they are not satisfied with. While a few of them look for solutions in order to live a pleasant life, the majority resign themselves to stay in distressed affiliations. In my personal