Cmgt 555

|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Information Systems & Technology | | |CMGT/555 Version 10 | | |2/19/2013 – 4/1/2013 | | |Systems Analysis and Development | Copyright  © 2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a background in analysis and design techniques for business system and application development. Although the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is fundamental to the course, other methodologies and tools are examined from a managerial perspective. PoliciesFaculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Pol icies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Dennis, A. , Wixom, B. H. , & Roth, R. M. (2009). Systems analysis and design (4th ed. ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kendall, K. E. , & Kendall, J.E. (2011). Systems analysis and design (8th ed. ). Prentice Hall. Valacich, J. S. , George, J. F. , & Hoffer, J. A. (2009). Essentials of systems analysis and design (4th ed. ). Prentice Hall. Software Microsoft Visio ® (Recommended) Supplemental Resources Element K. (2010). Introduction to Software Life Cycle Models. Element K. (2010). The Fundamentals of Requirements Elicitation (Inquestra) (Part 1 of 8). Element K. (2010). Determining a Project's Objectives (Inquestra) (Part 2 of 8). Element K. (2010). Defining Project Scope (Inquestra) (Part 3 of 8). Element K. (2010). Describing Business Process (Inquestra) (Part 4 of 8). Element K. (2010 ).Determining Information Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 5 of 8). Element K. (2010). Describing Functional Business Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 6 of 8). Element K. (2010). Documenting Requirements Meetings (Inquestra) (Part 7 of 8). Element K. (2010). Eliciting Data Warehouse Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 8 of 8). Article References Bather, M. (2007/2008, December/January). Put your data where your work is. Supply & Demand Chain Executive, 9(1), 22. Brache, A. P. (2008, January). Nine variables affect innovation within today's Enterprise Model. Tooling & Production, 74(1), 16. Chisckowski, E. (2008, November). Built-in security. Baseline, (90), 36-38. Gotterbarn, D. & Miller, K. (2010). Unmasking your software’s ethical risks. IEEE Software, 27(1), 12. Gould, L. S. (2008, January). On-demand ERP is here. Automotive Design & Production, 120(1), 46-48. Grenier, L. (2010). AJAX web development techniques. Faulkner Information Services. Greiner, L. (2010). ASP. net architectu re. Faulkner Information Services. Grenier, L. (2010). Java-based application development technology. Faulkner Information Services. Grenier, L. (2009). Outsourcing the Enterprise development project. Faulkner Information Services. Hugos, M. H. (2008, January 7). Calling on IT to do the impossible. Computerworld, 42(2), 21. Nicolaisen, N. (2010).Choosing mobile phone operating systems. Faulkner Information Services. Nicolaisen, N. (2010). Developing mobile applications. Faulkner Information Services. Nicolaisen, N. (2010). Open source development platforms. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Project management planning and scheduling. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2009). Project management software market trends. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Setting project goals and measuring performance. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Service oriented architecture. Faulkner Information Services. All electronic materials ar e available on the student website. Week One: Systems Development (2/19 – 2/25) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Define the systems development life cycle. | | | | |Examine systems development methodologies. | | | |Course Preparation |Read the course description and objectives. | | | | |Ensure you have access to the required and recommended software: | | | | | | | | | Microsoft Visio (Recommended) | | | | | | | | | |Review the Learning Team Toolkit. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 1, â€Å"Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Appendix B, â€Å"Agile Methodologies,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. 2/25 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |2/21 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Complete the Learning Team Charter. | | | | | | | | | |The Learning T eam will complete Service Request SR-rm-004, Analyze HR System. Create an 8–16 | | | | |page report of the project that includes the requested business requirements definition for | | | | |the development of an HR system.Also create a Microsoft PowerPoint ® presentation of the | | | | |project. The report and presentation are due in Week Six. | | | | | | | | | |The report should contain: | | | | | | | | | |An executive summary that eveals the areas of the business to be improved, identifies the | | | | |purpose of the project, and lists the stakeholders associated with the project | | | | | | | | | |An identification of the business requirements of the service request | | | | | | | | | |An articulation of the business requirements in terms of specific processes or business | | | | |development needs | | | | | | | | | |The implementation approach for the project | | | Week Two: Systems Analysis (2/26 – 3/4) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain sc ope and feasibility. | | | | |Define systems analysis and systems requirements. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 3, â€Å"Project Management,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 5, â€Å"Determining System Requirements,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Ch. , â€Å"Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling,† of Essentials of Systems | | | | |Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/4 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |2/28 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Begin work on Service Request SR-rm-004, Analyze HR System. |3/4 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page Executive Summary of the project. | | |Individual |Select a system for development that would benefit your workplace. Prepare a 2–3 page plan |3/4 |10 | |Systems Development Paper |for determining the feasibility of the systems deve lopment. | | | |Week Three: Systems Design (3/5 – 3/11) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define design specifications. | | | |Explain human computer interaction. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 7, â€Å"Moving Into Design,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 8, â€Å"Architecture Design,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 8, â€Å"Designing the Human Interface,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. 3/11 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |3/7 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |3/11 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page identification of the business requirements of the service request. | | | |Individual |Prepare a 2–3 page plan for gathering requirements. Build on the systems development selected|3/11 |10 | |Requir ements Paper |in Week Two. Begin gathering the requirements for the project.State any assumptions you | | | | |make. State the difficulties of gathering the requirements. | | | |Week Four: Systems Development and Implementation (3/12 – 3/18) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Analyze development. | | | | |Analyze implementation. | | | |Identify methods of information system security. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 12, â€Å"Moving Into Implementation,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 16, â€Å"Quality Assurance and Implementation,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/18 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. 3/14 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |3/18 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page section of the report that will use process flow charts, procedur es, | | | | |and/or policy statements to articulate the business requirements in terms of specific process| | | | |or business development needs. | | | |Individual |Prepare a 3–5 page requirements document for the systems development selected in Week Two. 3/18 |15 | |Requirements Document |Include the following areas of analysis: | | | | | | | | | |Technical: Describe any proposed hardware and software requirements. | | | | |Performance: Specify expected response time and/or throughput requirements. | | | | |Usability: Describe the human-computer interface, documentation, any new procedures, etc. | | | |Reliability: Define requirements for system dependability, such as up-time, error detection, | | | | |etc. | | | | |Security: Identify user access requirements and conditions under which access may be granted. | | | |Week Five: Maintenance (3/19 – 3/25) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify types of maintenance. | | |Readings |Read Ch. 10, â€Å" Systems Implementation and Operation,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and | | | | |Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/25 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |3/21 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. 3/25 |2 | | | | | | | |Prepare a 2–4 page section of the report that will identify the implementation approach for | | | | |the project. The implementation approach should identify software testing and installation | | | | |activities as well as the training consideration. Include, also, the identification of the | | | | |training method(s) and the audience to be trained. | | | | | | | | |Begin work on PowerPoint ® presentation of the project. | | | |Individual |Prepare a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design and implementation of the systems |3/25 |15 | |Request for Proposal |development selected in W eek Two. The outline guides the type of information that should be | | | | |included in a RFP. | | | | | | | | |RFP | | | | | | | | | |Introduction | | | | | | | | | |Description of company, including type of organizational structure | | | | |Business goals | | | | |Project goals | | | | |Scope of project | | | | |Time constraints | | | | |Budget constraints | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | |Requirements | | | | | | | | | |Technical: | | | | | | | | |Standards | | | | |Existing system | | | | |Hardware | | | | |Operating systems | | | | |Networking | | | | |Application software | | | | |Communications | | | | |Security | | | | |Scalability | | | | |Availability | | | | |Reliability | | | | |Maintenance | | | | |Disaster recovery | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | |Training /Documentation | | | | |Installation issues | | | |Cost | | | | |Other | | | | |Administrative Information | | | | | | | | | |Who may apply | | | | |How to apply | | | | |Confidentiality | | | | |Refer ences | | | | |How to get clarification | | | | |Proposal format | | | | |Submission schedule | | | | |Decision schedule | | | | |Selection criteria | | | | |Other | | | |Week Six: Development Standards (3/26 – 4/1) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Examine development standards. | | | | |Apply systems analysis. | | |Readings |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. | | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. | | | |Learning Team |Complete work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |4/1 |12 | |Report |Finalize and submit the 8–16 page paper summarizing the project proposal. | | | |Learning Team |Finalize and submit the PowerPoint ® presentation of the project. 4/1 |10 | |Presentation | | | | Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions †¢ Describe at least one risk inherent in each phase of the SDLC. †¢ Based on Hugos’ 2008 article, what is the relationship between IT infrastructure and new development? Which one comes first, or can they be built in tandem? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has the Ajax development methodology influenced the SDLC for developing Web-based customer facing applications? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has the ASP. NET facility of the Visual Studio. NET methodology influenced the SDLC for developing Web-Based customer-facing applications?How would you compare Ajax with ASP. NET? Week Two Discussion Questions †¢ Based on Gould’s (2008) article, what is the main attraction for open source ERP? †¢ Based on the Grenier (2011) article, what do you think is the largest benefit and the largest drawback for using mobile devises in the workplace? Consider extensibility, integration, manageability, security, etc. Week Three Discussion Questions †¢ Based on Brache’s 2008 article, what are the three ways a business process is conside red an innovation lever? †¢ Based on the Nicolaisen (2010) article, what accounts for the increased reliance on open source development methodologies to develop new application solutions?Do you think proprietary development methodologies are loosing market share? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has Java-based application development technology influenced the growth and acceptance of open source development platforms? Week Four Discussion Questions †¢ According to Chisckowski’s (2008) article, what are some of the advantages of incorporating security measures into the design and implementation of information systems? What obstacles may be encountered? †¢ Based on the Woodward (2010) article, how should unpredictable delays, failures on the part of third parties, and other obstacles accommodated by the traditional SDLC? Week Five Discussion Questions Based on the Woodward (2010) article, why is measuring project performance in a way that is agree d on by all stakeholders essential for securing agreement that the application solution meets business goals? †¢ Based on the Woodward (2009) article, how has measuring project performance been affected by portfolio management systems that view projects across the entire enterprise for securing agreement that the application solution meets business goals? Week Six Discussion Questions †¢ Based on the Woodward (2010) article, how has service oriented architecture (SOA) provided efficiencies in the design, development, implementation, and deployment of applications? Based on the Greiner (2009) article, how has outsourcing the enterprise development provided efficiencies in the design, development, implementation and deployment of applications? Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U nited States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

British Wildlife Essay

Outline of species along with related anatomy, handling considerations and rehabilitation, release requirements Skeletal system Although the deer’s skeletal system is very similar to a dog or cat’s in terms of its basic structure, although there are some adaptations that they require in order to survive the wild. Deer have long necks which enable them to crane it so they can feed off low lying grass and other vegetation. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer are prey animals and so they require adaptations that enable them to run fast and this is why they are ‘ugulates’, (hoofed mammals). Ungulates walk on their ‘ungulis’ which is a tough outer plate of a hoof or toenail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do not come into contact with the ground but their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This clever evolutionary asset is essential for speed. This is down to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the smaller the area that touches the ground with each stride, the greater the stride is which results in faster movement. Stefoff, R. (2007) Hooves are an extremely strong version of human fingernails strong enough not to break when under immense pressure i.e. when the deer is running. Stefoff, R. (2007).The strength of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in thick sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer have a total of four toes on each foot. The middle two toes touch the ground and the outer two are elevated at the back, just above the hoof and are called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in deer are elongated and form the lower part of the deer’s legs. In a deer, the femur and the humerus are short and thick in order to be able to anchor the large mass of muscle needed to propel them forward when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) Scent glands Seven glands are located on the body of a deer, scattered from head to toe to assist with communication amongst the herd and is how deer differentiate between one another (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). Deer scent is made up of scent glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer use a technique called ‘flehmen’; this is the act of curling back their upper lip and sucking in air. This is used to detect scents from other deer. Stefoff, R. (2007) Antler growth Antler growth is an interesting area of study which provokes questioning as to why antler growth is delayed until the start of puberty and secondly, mammalian organ regeneration. Antler growth only occurs in male deer and is delayed until the start of puberty at 5 – 7 months old. No other mammal can regenerate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg adult red deer may weigh as much 30 kg but take only 3 months to grow. Antlers are formed from pedicles; permanent bony horns on the frontal bone of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) are collected in the distal parts of the cristae externae of the frontal bones. These are activated by rising androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to specific sites on the AP which leads to trabecular bone being formed beneath the periosteum and a pedicle develops. There are four ossification stages in the formation of antlers in deer starting with ‘Intramembranous ossification’; this is the proliferation of antlerogenic cells and differentiation into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This then leads to ‘transitional ossification’, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous tissue is formed by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which have undergone a change in differentiation pathway to form chondrocytes. The third stage is ‘pedicle endochondral ossification’ when chrondrogenesis takes place in the pedicle alone. The final ossification stage is ‘antler endochondral ossification’- antlerogenic cells maintain their chrondrogenic differentiation pathway until the very first antler has fully formed. Shiny velvet skin covering the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers described as ‘spikers’ elongate as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. (Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?) The first antler continues growing until the autumn rutting season where testosterone levels are increased once again. Cessation in longitudinal growth causes this endocrine change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to reveal bare bone. A single unbranched antler is left attached to the pedicle until it is cast the following spring Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? Handling considerations The safest method of restraining/handling deer is to try to pull head to its flank, cover their head, hold the leg at the front and push the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires mastering so a well-trained person should only be allowed to do this. Deer bones are fragile so need to be cautious. Release requirements When it comes to releasing deer, a few things need to be kept in mind when choosing a location to release them. Deer need as much woodland cover as possible, especially with a male deer as they are very much territorial creatures. It is preferred to release a deer exactly where it was found. If this is not possible i.e. the deer was found in the middle of a road then it must be released no more than 1km from where it was found. Veterinary diagnosis and treatment Outline of condition, clinical signs and recommended treatment Roundworm is a condition commonly seen in deer. These are internal parasites that are found in the intestines and soak up nutrients from the animal’s diet which results in the sufferer becoming malnourished and weak because they are not getting the nutrients they require. The clinical signs of a deer with worms are very hard to detect because they are prey animals and must not show signs of weakness otherwise it would make them a target for predators. Often they won’t show any signs until they are close to death. Should they show signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing fluid faecal matter. Deer get stressed very easily and it would be unethical to try and capture them for treatment as it would be putting the person capturing the deer at risk as well as the deer as their skeletal systems are very fragile and is liable to shatter. Deer antlers are extremely dangerous because they are strong as well as being full of bacteria; deer use their antlers to fight and they also urinate on their antlers so it could infect a human quite severely. Treatment To treat worms in deer, Ivermectin â€Å"spot on† is used and is placed on the back of the deer’s neck. It is applied at 2 week intervals and, once cleared it can then be applied monthly to prevent it recurring. Nursing requirements What are the nursing needs of this patient and condition etc Deer, ideally should be nursed in a barn or large enclosure and not kept in a veterinary practice. This is purely because they are dangerous animals and are likely to lash out or charge at humans when they feel provoked. Isolating the deer is ideal to prevent the worms passing onto other animals nearby and to avoid having to treat the others. Deer should not be isolated for too long as they can get stressed and this would not be an ethical thing to do. Discussion of legal and ethical considerations What legislation and ethical considerations are relevant Wildlife and countryside act 1981 Wildlife and natural environment (Scotland) Act 2011 References http://www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html

Credit rating agencies should be regulated more strictly to prevent Essay

Credit rating agencies should be regulated more strictly to prevent conflict of interest, but also should allow more new credit agencies to have more objective opinions - Essay Example They have helped financial market fairly well giving out expert opinions to public investors. However, duDuring the financial crisis, three big credit rating agencies, S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch were condemned for precipitating the crisis giving high credit rate to CDOs, which were defaulted. Since then, ratings of the agencies became controversial and financial regulators have sought to ways to impose more regulations on those ratings. Few agencies dominating the rating industry, they are holding too much power in rating market. This settlement allowed only few rates in financial market. If situation keep remain in the rating industry, more financial crisis will happen in near future. Thus, to avoid another critical situation, it is necessary to regulate credit rating agencies more strictly, but also necessary to broaden the market allowing more participants. In the beginning of the industry, credit agencies’ rates had positive impact on financial markets. At that time, many people who didn’t have financial knowledge had difficulties in choosing where to invest their money. The companies who solved the problems were credit rating agencies. They were consisted of financial experts and analyzed companies and gave easily understandable â€Å"ABC† rates. According to them, high credit rating which was closer to â€Å"As† rates indicates that the borrower has a low probability of defaulting on debt, and conversely low credit rating indicates that the borrower has a high probability of defaulting. Investors could get helped in deciding the companies to invest relying on those rates. Essentially, what they have done is facilitating investments by giving easily understandable reliable sources to judge risk of investments. These rates have had a huge impact on financial markets. Since credit agencies have developed and settled in the financial industry, a lot of investors

Research Methods in Health Science A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods in Health Science A - Essay Example However, when the area of research is more abstract i.e. involves looking at trends or measuring human perceptions and beliefs on a particular aspect that might be vital for health issues, a qualitative approach is the only method available which can lead to any conclusive inference. Statistical tools have been developed which allow classification, tabulation and grouping of even qualitative data into comprehensible forms which can lead to entirely valid inferences. Qualitative research involves comprehension of complex factors contributing to a particular phenomenon and numerous factors have to be identified, standardized and transformed into some measurable form before they can be evaluated to gain insight into the particular aspect being researched. Although considered unscientific by skeptics, as it lacks the experimental and observational approach followed in quantitative research which believes in the evidence generated by repeatable experiments yielding consistent data in biom edical sciences, it has gained belief in scientific circles during the last few decades due to the complex human, social, cultural and other factors influencing health in its entirety (Pope & Mays, 2006). Normal health or success of a particular medical procedure cannot be ruthlessly related to the success of a particular mode or procedure of therapy by its proven 100% success rate suggested by quantitative experimental data. Myriad factors, such as the psychological state of the patient, the manner in which the healthcare providers interact with the patient, family, economic and social standing of the patient and multiple other factors might be contributing in a significant manner. Such factors can only and only be evaluated by qualitative research. In order to evaluate the influence of such abstract factors, the right question has to be framed before any research strategy can be developed. It has to be assured that the research is conducted employing a design which can generate re sults which can be generalized within and without the applicable population. A prime example of a phenomenological qualitative study is the one recently conducted in Sweden, wherein the authors’ have tried to role of prenatal education from the perspective of the male parent regarding their role as primary caregivers immediately following birth (Erlandsson & Haggstrom-Nordin, 2010). Either parent’s opinion, irrespective of the sex is a complex collection of cultural background, personal education, experience and aptitude, which are difficult to evaluate using quantitative methodology as such things are not measurable. As the study has been conducted in an exclusive country i.e. Sweden, it can be assumed that the cultural background is free of any particular bias. The authors’ have sought to identify the concepts within the fathers’ minds about the topics covered in prenatal education especially after firsthand experience after childbirth and the difficult ies encountered thereafter. The framing of the research question by the authors’

Critique and conclusion of context & rationale paper Essay - 1

Critique and conclusion of context & rationale paper - Essay Example It is imperative to keep in mind that effective utilisation of water is the key to reduce droughts and floods at the same time. What comes to the rescue is effective design of methods that cater to the immediate requirement of a particular region. One of the best examples is the use of LifeStraw as a water purification method. â€Å"Lifestraw was created by Danish inventor Torben Vestergaard Feandsen. The product could be a lifesaver† (Fridell 58). It is nothing but a tube that one can use to suck water. The water gets purified when it passes through the levels of filtration. This kind of wonderful design is so portable and convenient to use that people do not actually have to set up any complex infrastructure for the same. Thomas Dickson in his book ‘Dansk Design’ has described the implications of LifeStraw on the formidable task of preventing water borne diseases. He says that this product helps in preventing diseases that include typhoid and cholera which result in the deaths of millions every year. Dickson has also presented an interesting point about the lifespan of the product. â€Å"The lifespan of one straw is about 700 litres of water, so with a consumption of two litres a day, the straw can last about a year† (Dickson 550). drained without even considering a reuse plan. Considering the damaging impact that a country can face due to a shortage of water, it becomes imperative to understand the importance of saving every drop of water that can be saved. And in doing so, it is an interesting fact to notice the diversities in different regions. If some places need to conserve water due to less rainfall, some have to do that to prevent water loss. Over the years, several designs have evolved which are tailor made for the particular environment. ‘Raincatch’ is one such example that serves as an easy water harvesting method. It resembles a raincoat with an enhanced

Real Estate Market in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Real Estate Market in US - Essay Example Working of the Real Estate Markets: Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have become major sources of financing for property acquisition and development. Sources of financing have been steadily moving from cabals of private investors to public equity, in the form of REITs. With this shift has come more transparency in the market and a slow whittling away of the old boys network for which real estate investment is infamous. This transparency also shines a critical light on investment strategies, which are now subject to public scrutiny, and are therefore more accountable to the will of investors. process. Residential real estate agents have traditionally provided a bundle of services to both buyers and sellers. For example, the local multiple listing service (MLS), which is a directory of listings typically maintained and paid for by local real estate firms, enables sellers to list their properties and buyers and agents to view these properties. Agents also often help with marketing a house through advertising and open houses, negotiating a price, and addressing contracting and closing issues. Examples include helping with inspections, mortgage insurance, and financing, to mention a few. Role of the Real Estate Market in the Society: The real estate mar... Real Estate business has helped in developing the huge shopping complexes, multiplexes, school buildings and many more. A good commercial real estate broker doesn't just find or sell property, the broker works like a member of the business owner's team to help fulfill business objectives for today and down the road. The real estate market gives us both the high densities of Manhattan and the sprawl of Los Angeles. The major difference between the two configurations is in the extent of regional sprawl and auto use. Another new feature of the real estate market is the growth of national real estate companies, and the appearance of several large publicly-traded corporations that specialize in real estate investment and sale. In addition, corporate investors from Europe and Asia have invaded parts of American territory. However, no matter what conceits the investors may have, these corporations don't create land value; they only trade in it. They adjust their strategies to local real estate markets, and only minimally contribute to shaping them. They join local landed interests in forming the foundation of pro-growth blocs. The many working class property owners reap minimal returns from their investments and are at greatest risk of displacement; they are even more the subject of market forces beyond their immediate control Apart from this the Real Estates Business provides employment opportunities to thousands of people. They employ people at various levels from the top management level to the bottom worker level. Even many uneducated people find the jobs in this sector. However, the jobs at lower levels are mostly of temporary nature. Effect of the Real Estate Market on Government Policies: Transnational investors may play the

Writing is an Art Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing is an Art Form - Essay Example Writers on the other hand, those who create art that challenges the imagination and visual capacity of our brains, continue to languish in the background as little celebrated forms of art. That is a reality that most writers have come to accept even while considering that writing as an art form is almost as old as time itself. The hieroglyphs in the ancient Egyptian tombs were proven to actually be an ancient form of hand writing, the Dead Sea Scrolls and other books that make up the Bible, were written by hand in a language understandable to those of its time. These are artifacts that archeologists and social experts consider to be an ancient form of art with one significant thing in common, these were all done by hand in the most intricate form of writing possible. That type of writing art form is known as Calligraphy and yes, it is considered an art form in our modern times. Those who disagree with calling writing an art form do so on the basis that writing is something that they view more as a skill rather than an art. They argue that writing is something that can be learned in school, taught in creative writing classes, and practiced or improved upon. It is their belief that writing is more of a general purpose concept that provides a utilitarian purpose rather than an artistic one. ( For and Against â€Å"Writing is Really an Art Form†) ... It does not spoon feed the minds of its readers / viewers. It begs the person to go beyond what he can see and instead, analyze what the written word is making him see, hear, and feel. That is the true magic that can only be experienced by someone who is truly an artistic writer. Writing, just like any other art form requires a tremendous amount of training, patience, and education. Just as painters go to art school and photographers go to photography school, writers go to journalism or creative writing school in order to further understand their craft. While painters learn about how the strokes of their brushes and the combination of colors on their canvass creates a picture for the viewers, writers learn that the stroke of a pen and the stringing together of just the right words can transport their readers into another place and time just as a painting would. Photographers observe the world around them and take a visual picture of what they observe to be the good and bad, the beaut iful and the ugly about their surroundings. Writers on the other hand, creatively portray the situation around them, challenging their readers to decide for themselves if the picture as portrayed in words truly does justice to what their mind can see. That is what art is all about. Be it by paint brush, camera lens, or stroke of a pen, or a tap on the keyboard, these people bring their emotions to the front of their work by stirring the same emotions in their viewers and readers. This is a far more difficult task when done in the form of writing as a writer must use a perfect balance of descriptive words to bring his emotions to light. Whereas a painter or photographer merely recreates his emotions using actual materials or things in

Mentorship and work based learning and assessment Essay

Mentorship and work based learning and assessment - Essay Example The whole process of this developmental and assessment framework is required to be supported and assessed by mentors. The midwifery mentors who have additionally qualified to be sign-off mentors as part of their mentorship qualification programme would make the final assessment of practice, and after the assessment, if the registrant qualifies the NMC standards, they would be recommended to be registered (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). To be able to do this, NMC has further designed the framework in such a way that if the outcomes are met within the rigorous provisions of accountability, the registrant midwives will be qualified to be registered. The domains in this framework are establishing effective working relationship, facilitation of learning, assessment with rigorous accountability, evaluation of learning, more importantly creating an environment of learning, establishing context of practice, promoting evidence-based practice, and inducing leadership. This framework wil l be suited for working in the modern healthcare, and there would be a perspective of inter-professional learning (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006). Furthermore, this has a close correlation with the career pathways of the midwives due to the fact that NHS has launched KFC scheme as indicators of terms and conditions of service for their employees (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006b). Career pathways in midwifery is considered as part of the new pay and career structure that have been developed in Agenda For Change, and this has been linked to the Knowledge and Skills framework. The Agenda For Change is a career framework for the NHS employees that include the midwifery professionals (UKCC, 1999). The KSF in turn is a framework to assess the progress and development of the staff within the pay bands. This needs a modification of the professional demarcations and

Urban tourism in Bath Field Report Dissertation

Urban tourism in Bath Field Report - Dissertation Example Urban tourism is often perceived as an opportunity for a community centre to economically advance itself and its residents. However, the urbanization process usually entails many transformations that compromise some local values and advantages towards achieving and maintaining attractive spaces in a city.This is with the goal to sustain growth of business and the communities,attraction of visitors,provide reasons for spending,and other social and economic gains Some of the results and effects, however may be adverse to the community’s welfare such as increase social problems of migration and unsustainable population growth, and environmental degradation. This paper through participant observation, was able to identify some of the environmental problems that Bath as a city currently experiences in its attempt to sustain and maintain the area as an urban tourist destination. Changes throughout history have made it one of the more architecturally blessed cities of the world with its original tourist attraction. The growing population and demand for urban tourism, however, has brought in environmental issues such as reduction of green belt and parks to sustain housing demand, surge of water costs, garbage collection and disposal, as well as disease control and prevention. It was noted that these issues should be addressed through adoption of policy on sustainability as well as strict implementation of cooperation to achieve sustainable goals. Chapter 1: Introduction Man has always kept moving like a butterfly. Most of us cannot stay in one place for long. I myself am like that and man should have been born with wings or wheels, for easy transport. In every individual there is a passion to soar in the clouds and go to the distant end of the earth. However, choice is limited where he can go to or how. Some people indulge in the joy of â€Å"tourism†. Tourism means that one goes out to different areas of the world enjoying the sites, culture, and the ent ertainments. Many tourists enjoy their life and comfort that touring provides. Touring gives an aura of cool nomads, happy to go where the wind and water takes them (Buckley & Littlefair, 2007). Urban pertains to the city areas and its lifestyle. Many main cities of Europe, the Americas, Asia, and everywhere have unique traits to show off. However, creating and reinventing urban areas to become a tourist spots is a difficult and long process, with lots of work, and costly investments. Urban areas are places that require a much attention and cooperation between leaders, the private sectors, the public and even outsiders to turn into one a tourist attraction. According to Lundie et al (2007) the four qualities of a city tourist spot are: 1) High physical densities of structures, people and functions; 2) Social and cultural heterogeneity, 3) Economic mal-functionalism; and 4) Physical centrality within regional and interurban systems. Demands for urban tourism rose rapidly due to the n eed to sustain growth as well posterity. However, urban tourism is multipurpose and multidimensional in nature. National and local governments in cooperation with various sectors invest in selected areas which are considered attractions such as malls, entertainment zones, historical districts, redevelopment zones, ethnic and sacred spaces. Tourists flock to areas that provide accommodation, transport, best facilities, attraction and guides. However, tourist satisfaction does not equate to a beautiful and healthy environment as urbanism and tourism address similar problems of growth, density, demand, and other forces that require sustainability and balance. Tourist spots are from time to time reconsidered to sustain healthy, safe, and nurturing spaces. This paper will try to identify different environment impacts of tourism in Bath, United Kingdom, point out

What are the main differences between Monoploy and Monopolistic Essay

What are the main differences between Monoploy and Monopolistic Competition market structure - Essay Example A monopoly is a market situation where only one seller exists, producing a product which has no close substitutes. It is at the complete opposite end of the spectrum to perfect competition. In practice a monopoly situation can arise when a firm has a dominant position in the market in terms of its market share. For example, British Telecom enjoyed a monopoly until 1988 when the UK office of telecommunication decided to end it. The basis for a monopoly market is the existence of barriers to entry. These are factors that prevent new firms from entering the industry, or even if they do, will force them to close. Barriers can be of various forms.The high fixed cost or setup cost can be the toughest obstacle to tackle. The barrier here is access to capital. Only large firm will be able to fund the necessary investment. An established monopoly is likely to have developed specialized production and marketing skills. It is more likely to be aware of the most efficient techniques and the chea pest suppliers. In most cases, such firms have a major cost advantage because of economies of scale which allows them to operate on a lower cost curve. Advertising and brand names with a high degree of consumer loyalty may also prove a difficult barrier to overcome.The firm’s monopoly position may also be protected by patents and other legal protection such as various forms of licensing or tariffs, which may hinder entrance of local and foreign firms. Aggressive tactics and intimidation may also act as a barrier ... However, another market structure that exists is the monopolistic competition. It is close to the competitive end of the spectrum. It is a situation where a lot numerous firms compete with each other, but where each firm does nevertheless has a certain degree of market power thus the term ‘monopolistic’ competition. In monopolistic competition, there are a large number of sellers and due to this no one seller has a control over the supply of the product in the market. Hence, a single firm cannot influence price or output in the market. In other words, the price and output policies of each seller are independent. The grocery retailing market in the UK is arguably monopolistically competitive. In 1991, there were approximately 62,000 food retailing businesses. All were competing for the same product however, each one attempted to offer something unique and different (Anderton 1995). Each firm in monopolistic competition produces similar, but not identical goods and sells d ifferentiated products which are close substitutes to one another. The product is differentiated in a number of ways such as altering the quality of the product, offering supplementary and other services, changing the location of the firm or promoting the product through advertisements. (Gillespie 2002). Unlike monopoly, there are no barriers to entry or exit in monopolistic competition. Entrance becomes possible due to a lower startup capital or the nature of the product. Moreover, in monopolistic competition, the main form of competition is price. Each firm sets the price arbitrarily, usually reducing the price of the product to gain from higher sales. However, at times firms in this type of market also resort to non price competition such as advertising and promotions to capture

Compare and Contrast Early Civilization Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Early Civilization Essay Some of the characteristics in the Indus River Civilization were Harappa Civilization which was formed along the Indus River. On other hand River Dynasties in China was developed in a River Valley. Major cities which were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. The cities were organized planner, they made of brick to prevent flooding, as well as bathrooms and sewers. The cities in China were divided into class, floods was one of their environmental challenges. The Indus River was more of a peaceful place that had no military. They were never at war because of their dry climate and on each side was water. The River Dynasties in China they were constantly at war and had no obstacles. China and its dynasties are the foundation of this long history. These early dynasties were long recorded and remembered through the oral history. The Xia dynasty was the first dynasty of Ancient China to exist. The Xia Dynasty began in 2100 B.C. and lasted up to 1800 B.C. The period was the beginning of a class society in Ancient China. The Shang Dynasty developed in response to the faults of the Xia dynasty. Monsoons – seasonal winds that dominate India’s climate. Winter monsoons are dry and summer monsoons are wet. The family was central to Chinese Society. The elder men in the family controlled the family’s property and made important decisions. Women were treated as inferiors and were expected to obey their fathers, their husbands and later their own sons. China believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family. Unlike China stayed praying to a different supreme god who dealt with rain, wine and thunder named Shang Di. Even the way the two civilizations worshipped their gods was different, the Indus seemed to have been more passive about their religious values unlike the people in China who had had actual rituals. Some of the religious differences that the Indus and China were the civilizations that they believed in. The Indus worshipped a god named Harappan who was a protective image to them, that and praising abundance. In their culture they had a theocracy.

Roots Of Conflict In Syria Politics Essay

Roots Of Conflict In Syria Politics Essay The Syrian uprising began in March 2011 with anti-government protests in provincial areas that later spread throughout the country. Although the protests began in March 2011, the battle for power or internal control in Syria is not a fresh issue; rather it dates back to 1947 when Michel Aflaq along with Salah-al-Din al-Bitar founded the Baath party in Syria. The years following this saw military coups by people such as Adib al-Shishakhli, who was ousted by Army officers again who returned the civilian government to power. Then in 1958 Syria along with Egypt joined the United Arab Republic (UAR). Egyptian president at that time Gamal Abdel Nasser instructed the disbanding of Syrian political parties, which was disappointment to the Baath party that had campaigned for a union. After a period of 3 years, in September 1961, dissatisfaction because of the Egyptian authority of the UAR prompted a handful of Syrian army officers to control power in Damascus and disband the Union. In a simil ar army coup in March 1963 a Baathist cabinet was appointed and Amin Al-Hafez was selected as the president. This was not the end of internal strife which saw Salah Jadid lead a coup against the civilian Baathist leadership, by overthrowing the then president Amin Al-Hafez and arresting prominent figures like Salah Al-Din Al-Bitar and Michel Aflaq. Meanwhile, this also coincides with at the rise of Hafez Al-Assad who becomes the defence minister. In June 1967 Syria, Jordan and Egypt wage war against Israel which resulted in the destruction of much of the Syrian forces. In a crippling post war state, Hafez Al-Assad overthrew President Nur Al-Din Al-Atasi and imprisoned Salah Jadid who was responsible for the coup and gets elected as President for a term of seven years in a plebiscite in 1971. Two years after Hafez Al-Assad came in power, in 1973 riots breaks out when Hafez Al-Assad dropped one of the constitutional requirements that the President must be a Muslim and was accused of heading an atheist regime, which caused uproar in Syria however the uproar were easily suppressed by the army. In 1980 Muslim brotherhood tried to assassinate Assad. In the same year war broke out between Iraq and Iran in which Syria backed Iran because of bitterness between Iraqi Baathists and the Baathists in Syria. In February 1982 two years after the failed assassination of Hafez, Muslim Brotherhood started an uprising in the city of Hama; but once again the military suppressed the riots. In February 1987 Hafez Al-Assads brother had been promoted to the post of vice-president by 1984 as well. In June 2000 Hafez Al-Assad died and his second son Bashar Al-Assad succeeded him. After assuming power Bashar Al-Assad orders the release of political prisoners, Syrian troops evacuate Beirut and redeploy in other parts of Lebanon and it appeared as if he might lead the country to a different road. But, later in the same year President Bashar Al-Assad detained MPs and pro-reform activists, arrests continued, punctuated by occasional amnesties over the following years. The clashes of March 2004, between members of the Kurds the minority sect in Syria, the police and the Arabs in the north-east, left at least 25 dead. Moreover, in May 2004 US imposed economic sanctions on Syria over the allegation of supporting terrorism and failure to keep check on militants who were entering Iraq, which dealt a serious blow to the Syrian economy. In the backdrop of this continued internal strife, regional wars and regional interventionism, and international sanctions we see the roots of the politica l and economic problems Syria is facing today. All of this becomes multiplied many a fold because of the tyrant regime of Bashar Al-Assad that is in place (BBC news, 20 Nov 2012). Arab Spring Arab spring has played a major role in the initiating the civil war that has engulfed Syria and in fact the Syrian conflict is considered as a part of the movements towards democratization in Arab states. The Arab spring started in 2010 when protest broke out in the Middle East as a result of which long-time regimes in Libya, Tunisia and Egypt were brought to an end. The protests in these countries were a spark of hope to be free from tyrant regimes which ignited in other countries of Middle East like Yemen and Bahrain and continued their spread to include Syria as well. Although all these states saw protests and internal conflict as part of the transformation, none of these countries got involved into a full-fledged civil war as was the case with Syria. This was due to a combination of various factors that led Syria down the path of conflict rather than peaceful transformation. (Corydon Ireland, 30 Nov 2012) . Roots of Conflicts in Syria Every event has at least one main cause which gives birth to that event such is the case with Syria. While the Arab Spring provided the spark, there are number of factors that resulted in Syria getting to such a dire state. The Syrian crisis did not start over night as said before it has been going on for over a number of years. These chequered histories combined by the factors listed below are the driving forces behind unrest in Syria: Domestic and regional causes: 1. Political repression President Bashar Al-Assad assumed power in the year 2000 after the death of his father Hafez who had ruled Syria since 1970. After assuming the power Assad quickly destroyed all hopes of reform, as power remained concentrated in the ruling family, and the one-party system left few channels for political opposition. With no peaceful transfer of power since the 1950s, the only way to bring about changes was through military coup or an all-out civil war. (Primoz Manfreda) 2. Discredited ideology Syrian Baath party is regarded as the founder of Arab socialism, an ideological current that merged state-led economy with Pan-Arab nationalism. However, by 2000 the Baathist ideology was reduced to an empty shell, discredited by lost wars with Israel and a crippled economy. Upon taking power, Assad tried to modernize the regime invoking the Chinese model of economic reform, but time and other factors was running against him. There was also a lack of vision on his part in realizing that certain aspects of the Chinese model could not be applied to Syria because of regional and cultural context. (Primoz Manfreda) 3. Uneven economy Cautious reform of the leftovers of socialism opened the door to private investment, triggering an explosion of consumerism among the urban upper-middle classes. However, privatization has favored families with personal links to Assad, leaving provincial Syria, later the hotbed of the uprising, seething with anger as living costs soared and jobs remained scarce. This disparity in the economy furthered the high resentment present within the local population against the regime. (Primoz Manfreda) 4. Drought Drought was one of the major reasons behind the crippled economy and thus contributed to the uprising. A persistent drought has devastated farming communities in north-eastern Syria, affecting more than a million people since 2008. Tens of thousands of impoverished farmer families flocked into rapidly expanding urban slums. Their anger at the lack of government help was further fuelled by the new pretentious wealth of the rich that they saw and increased feelings of marginalization and powerlessness. (Primoz Manfreda) 5. Population growth Syrias rapidly growing young population was always going to be a demographic time bomb waiting to explode. Rapid growing population meant that there were even fewer jobs and more people we left unemployed. High unemployment rate leads to resentment amongst the people which is also a contributing factor in any uprising. (Primoz Manfreda) 6. New media Although the state media is tightly controlled, the proliferation of satellite TV, mobile phones and the internet after 2000 meant that any government attempt to insulate the youth from the outside world was doomed to fail. The exposure of the mass society to ideas of modernity, transformation and internal freedom were always going to catch on. Moreover, the use of the new media was critical to the activist networks that underpin the uprising in Syria in particular and the movement of Arab Spring in general. (Primoz Manfreda) 7. Corruption The much thrown around phrase that Syria is seething with corruption is an understatement of sorts. Whether its a license to open a small shop or a car registration, well-placed payments are the way to go in Syria. For those without the money and good contacts, its a powerful grievance against the state. Ironically, the system is corrupt to such an extent that even anti-Assad rebels buy weapons from the government forces, and families bribe the authorities to release relatives that have been detained during the uprising. (Primoz Manfreda) 8. State violence Syrias vast intelligence services, the infamous mukhabarat, penetrate all spheres of society. The fear of the state is one of the reasons why so many Syrians simply take the regime as a fact of life. But the outrage over the brutal response of the security forces to the outbreak of peaceful protest in spring 2011, documented and spread all across through social media, helped generate the snowball effect as thousands across Syria joined the uprising. The more people were killed, the more protests it led to. (Primoz Manfreda) 9. Minority rule Syria is a majority Sunni Muslim country but the top positions in the security apparatus are in the hands of the Alawites, a Shiite religious minority to which the Assad family belongs. A significant part of the Sunnis still resent the fact that so much power is monopolized by a handful of Alawi families. While sectarian differences by themselves may not be the driving force of the Syrian uprising, the combination of a majority Sunni protest movement and an Alawi-dominated military has added to the tension in religiously mixed areas, such as the city of Homs. (Primoz Manfreda) 10. Tunisia effect Last but not least, the wall of fear in Syria would not have been broken at this particular time had it not been for Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street-vendor whose self-immolation in December 2010 triggered a wave of anti-government uprisings across the Middle East. Watching the fall of Tunisian and Egyptian regimes in early 2011, made millions in Syria aware that change was possible for the first time in decades. (Primoz Manfreda). International Community Interests: International community has also played an important role in sparking the fire in Syria. Since Syria like other Middle East countries is an oil rich country it has caught the attention of both the west and the east. United States and other Western countries like United Kingdom are as keener on getting their hands on the Syrian oil facilities as much as Russia or China or any other state for that matter. Secondly being the neighbour of Israel, Syria plays a strategic role for Russia and China in keeping the western influence in check since most of its neighbours are United States influenced countries. . International Relations Theories Analysis of Syrian Conflict International relations are a necessity for any country to survive in this modern competitive world. Any country that is isolated from the world cannot survive this immense competition of survival on its own. However, even within the interaction between states the rule of survival of the fittest still applies yet no State is free from the impact of dynamics around the world on its own situation. Similarly any internal situation in a country does have an impact on its relations with the whole world for example the Syrian crisis is a hot topic for the entire world. Moreover we see that because of the suffering and the situation within, Syria is isolated, it does not have good relations with almost all the countries especially the western countries and Israel. Different people view the dynamics of international relations through diverse paradigms. Although the causes of Syrian uprising can be viewed through any of these frameworks, in my view the following major theoretical frames of in ternational relations define the Syrian crisis in a more relevant manner Syrian crisis-Realist view The picture of realism theory can be perfectly seen to be at work; since according to realism it is peoples own interest is the principle driving force behind their competitive relations with each other. They do not desire to be dictated rather want to do what they wish and they do not want to be taken advantage of by anybody. [Robert Jackson and George Sorensen; (2010), page 59]. In Syrias situation people are rebelling against the government because it is dictating people and taking away their freedom to do anything they wish and captivating them in their own interest. These actions of people to liberate themselves from the tyranny of the Al-Assads government clearly indicates that they want what realist think is in the human nature and the conflict supports the idea and assumption of realists that conflicts are ultimately resolved by war or conflict. Moreover, under realism interests define relationships and alliances and this can be clearly seen in the manner of support for Syria . Russian interests in exporting arms as well as the Russia-China interesting in diluting the influence of other big powers in the region has not only brought them together but is also reflected in their tacit support of the Al-Assad regime. The situation also supports the idea that the progress in international politics is comparable to that in the domestic life for example Syria is not only facing internal political problems but also external because of political instability within the country; as a result of which the country is at a standstill. Syrian crisis-Constructivist view In social theory constructivists emphasize the social construction of reality. Constructivists view that Human relations, including international relations, consist of thought and ideas and not essentially of material conditions or forces (Robert Jackson and George Sorensen; (2010), page 162). Social constructivism definitely sheds light on the Syrian crisis because this theory explains a significant part of the social organization of the country in a historical and social context and its impact on the society of the country and its impact on international relations. The society of Syria has been always been kept under tight control during the French times, even after Syria liberated from the French the army took power of the state and ruled over the society. Dictatorship has always been there in Syria and democracy has not been promoted hence even the most capable people have been kept suppressed and the society has always remained the same throughout after liberation. Media has bee n kept under strict control by the dictators. The people have always fought for power so power battles have been going on in Syria. Due to lack of existence of democracy people did not have the right to say or do anything. Ideas of women and voice have been ignored by the ones in power all in all society has been kept primitive by government by force, in line with its policy to stay in power by any means necessary. Because of the power hunger dictators the society has suffered a lot and was isolated from world. With the wave of new social movements in the Arab world the Syrian people also realized that they could have a state and a way of life that they want for themselves and they do not have to abide by the historical notions of power and social organization. Thus it leads to the possibility of constructing their own method of governance, social organization and economy fuelling ideas of change that have eventually contributed to the current state of conflict. Conclusion As we have seen in the above discussion about the problems that Syria is facing it is more of a government problem than the society as a whole. Because of the continuous tyranny of the government over a long period of time, people now forced to stand up for themselves against their brutal government in order to live peacefully in Syria. The catalyst that gave people of Syria the courage to rise up against the government is the Arab Spring. Today people of Syria are willing to pay any price for the revolution to succeed and overthrow Bashar Al-Assad and his government. Since the start of conflict, even though thousands of people have been killed, the people still stand headstrong in order to achieve their objective. As far as the theory of international relations is concerned most of the time more than one theory explains and supports situations like Syria. I have chosen Realistic theory because it helps understand the very nature of human power relations and secondly I have chosen Co nstructivism because it helps understand the importance of society and the role it plays in the building of relationships amongst people within the country and with all other countries of the world. International relations can be thought of as being dependent on five things; freedom, security, welfare, order and justice. However if we look closely at Syria not even one of these criteria are met; all the more reason Syria needs to realise which path it is taking and where it would lead to. A constant internal struggle influenced by the regional and global environment is what will ensue unless a dramatic change is brought around.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Lung Diseases

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Lung Diseases PEFR value means peak expiratory flow rate that is a persons maximum speed of expiration. It can be measured by peak flow meter which is a simple device. People can use it monitoring their lung function in respiratory diseases. As a lung function test, it can be differentiated obstructive airway diseases such as asthma, COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases) from restrictive lung diseases. PEFR is mostly used to diagnosis asthma. Normal PEFR value depends on several factors like age, sex, height, weight, etc. So the PEFR value varies with normal individuals and a Nomo gram is utilized as a scale. In obstructive airways diseases, normal value of PEFR is reduced corresponding to above factors. As above factors, though PEFR value has some advantages, to diagnose obstructive airway diseases it cant differentiate asthma from COPD. Lung function tests, What is PEFR and how can we measure it, Importance in PEFR value in lung diseases have been included in this analytical essay. Lung Function Test Measurements of respiratory function may provide valuable information. First, in conjunction with the clinical assessment and other investigations they may help establish a diagnosis (1). Second, they will help indicate the severity of the condition. Third, serial measurements over time will show changes indicating disease progression or, alternatively, a favorable response to treatment. Finally, regular monitoring of lung function in chronic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis or obstructive airways disease may warn of deterioration (1). Simple respiratory function tests fall into three main groups: Measuring the size of the lungs Measuring how easily air flows into and out of the airways Measuring how efficient the lungs are in the process of gas exchange (1). Pulmonary function can be measured by having a subject breathe into a device called a spirometer which recapture the expired breath and records such variables as the rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption (2). The spirometer measures the FEV1 and the forced vital capacity (FVC). Both the FEV1 and FVC are related to height, age and sex. The technique involves a maximum inspiration followed by a forced expiration (for as long as possible) into the spirometer (3). The act of expiration triggers the moving record chart, which measures volume against time. Patients with severe airflow limitation may have a very prolonged forced expiratory time (3). At home asthma patient and others can monitor their respiratory function by blowing into a handled meter, measures peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), the maximum speed at which they can exhale (2). Peak Expiratory Flow Rate [PEFR] Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximal rate of air flow which is a subject can achieve by a forced expiration. The peak flow, which is sustained for only a fraction of a second, occurs in the earliest part of expiration(4). The simplicity of the method is its main advantage. Normal person it is 400 Liter per minute(5). PEFR is measured by the subject inhaling to total lung capacity and exhaling into a peak flow meter with maximal effort PEFR measured using peak flow meter(6). PEFR depends on some factors the sex, age, weight, height, body-size, and muscular forces of the individual subject(4). The normal value for a given person can be determined referring to a Nomo gram. In general, the taller or younger the individual, the higher is his PEFR Normal males have a higher PEFR than normal females of the same age and height. In normal males the range of PEFR lies between 450 and 700 liters per minute (L/min.). Normal females have a lower range between 300 and 500 L/min(4). It is lower in children than in adults. It is highest in early adult life, and decreases in old age. It is higher in tall people than in short people(7). PEFR may be unrecordable on the standard Wright peak flow meter which cannot measure PEFR if it is less than 60 L/min(4). Recently a low-range, peak flow meter has been introduced which will measure much lower values of PEFR This would be appropriate for use in children(4). Peak flow meter There are two different types of peak flow meters which are Wrights peak flow meter and mini peak flow meter(4): which is an inexpensive, light and portable instrument(1,4): that can be handled easily and use to get bedside measurement. This device used to monitor a persons ability to breathe out air. This device is simpler and cheaper than spirometer. The first peak flow meter was designed by Wright and was fully described by Wright and McKerrow (1959). Recently another type of peak flow meter was presented. This device, named the Hildebrandt pneumometer, operates on an completely different principle from the Wright meter(4). A report on the Hildebrandt pneumometer and its use in general practice is published elsewhere. In the present study all PEFR measurements were made with a Wright meter. This operates on mechanical principles(4). The subject expires forcibly into the meter which causes a vane inside it to move against a spring resistance. The vane comes to rest at a position which depends upon the PEFR(4). attained. A pointer attached to the vane indicates PEFR on a dial which is calibrated in liters per minute. No calculations have to be made(4). Method of taking PEFR measurements This is an extremely simple and cheap test(3). Peak flow meter should be held horizontally and the dial must be in a vertical plane(4). Standing is the best position for taking measurements(7). It is measured using a standard Wright Peak Flow Meter or mini Wright Meter. The needle must always be reset to zero before PEF is measured. Care must be taken that the lips must be placed tightly around the mouthpiece and it is also important that he holds the meter correctly(4). The highest of three readings is used as the recorded value of the Peak expiratory flow rate(3). It may be tracks on graph paper chart with a record of symptoms or using peak flow mapping software. This allows patients to self-monitor and This allows patients to self-monitor and pass information back to their doctor or nurse. It is highly important that the subject not only understands what he is required to do but makes a maximal effort(4). If a subject has not previously performed the test careful explanation and i nstruction must be given followed by a demonstration blow by the doctor(4). Once the subject has gained confidence after one or two trial blows, Subjects are asked to take a full inspiration to total lung capacity and then blow out forcefully into the peak flow meter(4). Failure to observe that all these conditions are satisfied will result in serious errors. Different brands and models of peak flow meters often yield different values when used by the same person. Hence patients should always use the same model in the home or the doctors clinic(7). At hospital, PEFR is measured using a low-reading peak flow meter, as an ordinary meter measures only from 60 L/min upwards(3). Lung Diseases PEFR Respiratory disease Lung diseases are something. Disease or disorder that occurs in the lungs or what is causing the light that does not work correctly (8). Lung diseases are the three main types, namely: Obstructive airway disease: these diseases affect the Airways that carry oxygen and other gases to and from the lungs. These diseases cause the usually declining or blocking the airway. Including asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis (8). People who have respiratory diseases sometimes describe the feeling that you try to blow air through a chaff. Restrictive lung diseases: they are also called the lung tissue diseases. These diseases affect the configuration of lung tissue (8). Scarring or tissue inflammation makes the lungs cannot expand fully. This makes it difficult for the lungs breathe in oxygen and carbon dioxide out. Pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis are examples of the lung tissue. People sometimes describe the feeling is very tight sweater or bestow it will not be able to take a deep breath (8). Lung circulation diseases: these diseases affect blood vessels in the lungs. Tread depth caused by coagulation or inflammation of the blood vessels (8). They affect the lungs of oxygen and carbon dioxide out. These diseases may also affect heart function. Many lung diseases involve a combatiinon of these three types. Asthma, Atelectasis, Bronchitis, COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Emphysema, Lung cancer, Pneumonia, Pulmonary edema (2,4,8). Importance of PEFR in Lung diseases Determination of Peak expiratory flow rate is useful for assessing the respiratory diseases especially to differentiate the obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (5). Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurements on waking, prior to taking a bronchodilator and before bed after a bronchodilator, are particularly useful in demonstrating the variable airflow limitation that characterizes the disease (3). The diurnal variation in PEFR is a good measure of asthma activity and is of help in the longer-term assessment of the patients disease and its response to treatment. To assess possible occupational asthma, peak flows need to be measured for at least 2 weeks at work and 2 weeks off work (3). Generally PEFR in reduced in all type of respiratory diseases. However the reduction is more significant in the obstructive diseases such as asthma, emphysema, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases) and chronic bronchitis than in the restrictive diseases (5). Sometimes in severe re strictive lung disease, PEFR values reduced much more. So in that conditions peak flow meter cannot be used to differentiate between restrictive lung diseases from obstructive airway diseases. So PEFR measurement is useful in management obstructive airway diseases. PEFR value is more important in asthma than other respiratory diseases. Importance of PEFR in Asthma Asthma is characterized by spastic contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles, which partially obstructs the bronchioles and causes extremely difficult breathing (9). It occurs in 3 to 5 per cent of all people at some time in life. The usual cause of asthma is contractile hypersensitivity of the bronchioles in response to foreign substances in the air. In about 70 per cent of patients younger than age 30 years, the asthma is caused by allergic hypersensitivity, especially sensitivity to plant pollens (9). In older people, the cause is almost always hypersensitivity to nonallergenic types of irritants in the air, such as irritants in smog (9). Classically asthma has three characteristics: Airflow limitation which is usually reversible spontaneously or with treatment (3) Airway hyperresponsiveness to a wide range of stimuli (3) Inflammation of the bronchi with T lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils with associated plasma exudation, oedema, smooth muscle hypertrophy, matrix deposition, mucus plugging and epithelial damage (3). In chronic asthma, inflammation may be accompanied by irreversible airflow limitation as a result of airway wall remodeling that may involve large and small airways and mucus impaction (3). Asthma is usually diagnosed by the demonstration of airflow limitation. PEFR variability as one of the important diagnostic features of asthma (10). Serial measurements of PEFR in most patients with asthma show spontaneous variability. The most characteristic pattern is of a circadian variation, with airflow limitation most severe on waking in the morning (and during the night if awoken) with improvement occurring during the morning after waking. A small circadian variation in PEFR or FEV 1 is seen in normal individuals; in asthma a difference of 20 per cent or more between the highest and lowest values may be found (11). Other patterns of variation in severity of airflow limitation may be imposed on this circadian rhythm, such as falls in PEFR provoked by exercise or exposure to an allergen or occupational sensitizer, which resolve after avoidance of the stimulus. While variations of 20 per cent or more in FEV 1 or PEFR are commonly regarded as indicating asthma, in patients with se vere airflow limitation, with an FEV 1 of 1 liter, 20 per cent variability equates to 200 ml, a level of spontaneous variation observed in people without asthma (11). In asthma, the resistance to airflow becomes especially great during expiration, sometimes causing tremendous difficulty in breathing (2). Peak flow readings are divided in three zones of measurement, are green, yellow and red. Doctors and health experts can develop asthma controlling plan based on the green-yellow-red areas(12). Green Zone - 80 to 100 percent of the regular reading or normal peak flow is clearly a treatment in green zone peak flow indicates that is under good control(12). Yellow Zone 50 to 79 percent of the usual or normal peak flow readings Indicates caution. This can lead to respiratory system is restrictive. additional drugs may be required(12). Red Zone - 50% of the normal or usual peak flow readings indicate a medical emergency. serious airway narrowing may occurring and immediate action needs to be taken. This would usually involve contacting a doctor or hospital (12). The management of asthma relies on a patients ability to monitor their asthma regularly. PEFR Monitors changing in airflow limitation in asthma. People with asthma can use it to monitor themselves and alter their medication, as suggested by their doctor, at the first signs of any fall in peak flow measurement which indicates a descent in their condition. If the patient knows his best measurement of PEFR, drop in its value of up to 10 percent, indicates caution but no danger, as this much variation is not unexpected over a period of 24hours (7). A drop of 10 to 50 percent indicates that the patient is in danger of getting an attack. If the drop is more than 50 percent, the patients in an imminent danger of getting the attack. He must approach his physician who may examine him in the emergency department of the hospital (7). The correct knowledge of the PEFR predicts the condition of the patient and provides valuable time and opportunity to take all the necessary measures to prevent an attack of asthma (7). Self-monitoring includes assessing the frequency and severity of symptoms (such as wheezing and shortness of breath) and measurement of lung function with a peak flow meter. (4) When measuring PEFR in patients with asthma or bronchitis, it is important to instruct them first to clear their bronchial airways by coughing. The effect of so doing may be considerable (4). Patients should be instructed to record peak flow readings after rising in the morning and before retiring in the evening. A diurnal variation in PEF (the lowest values typically being recorded in the morning) of more than 20% is considered diagnostic and the magnitude of variability provides some indication of disease severity (13). People with asthma can use it to monitor themselves and alter their medication, as suggested by their doctor, at the first signs of any fall in peak flow measurement which indicates decline in their condition. There are some significance PEFR in asthma patient the decreased rates of expirati on of air as expressed in decreased PEFR in asthma patients, occur earlier than the production of the symptom of breathlessness or even the signs of wheeze and ronchi detected through the stethoscope. By the time, wheezing is detected through the stethoscope; the PEFR has already decreased by 20 percent or more (7). Poor perception of the severity of asthma, on the part of the patient and physician, has been cited as a major factor causing delay in treatment, and this may contribute to increased severity and mortality from asthma exacerbation (7). Patients also measured PEFR twice a day (morning and evening) by using a peak flow meter before self-administering asthma drugs and noted the PEFR value in their asthma diary. Acute severe asthma the term status asthmaticus was defined as asthma that had failed to resolve with therapy in 24 hours. In this condition, PEFR is Circadian rhythm in peak expiratory flow rate in a patient with asthma recovering from an acute attack (11) Brittle asthma(11) is characterized by widely varying peak flow rates uncontrolled by maximum inhaled treatment. Two patterns of brittle asthma have been distinguished: type I-persistent daily chaotic variability in peak flow (usually greater than 40 per cent diurnal variation in PEFR more than 50 per cent of the time); (11) type II-sporadic sudden falls in PEFR against a background of usually well-controlled asthma with normal or near normal lung function.(11) A drop of PEFR also indicates that the patient has been exposed to allergenic environments. He must try to localize the cause and prevent recurrence of the situation. PEFR reading also helps in monitoring the improvement in the patient after a particular mode of treatment (7). The following patients should keep a peak flow monitor at home and use it: (7) Patients who experience severe attacks with little warning. Patients who need to travel long distance to receive medical attention. Patients who require high-dose inhaled corticosteroids or daily oral corticosteroids. Patients with big ups and downs in peak flow, that is, greater than 20 percent of their best peak flow. Patients whose medical history appears to provide an unsatisfactory guide to treatment. There are two very important reasons for taking flow reading at home. First, asthma doesnt behave the same way 24 hours a day. It tends to get spontaneously worse at night and get better during the day (7). Without peak flow meter at home, the physician can only guess how the patient was doing at home. Second, having a meter at home allows the patient to telephone the doctor during the night and get proper instructions for management of his case. Nine times out of ten, a Physician experienced with home peak flow, can help get his patient out of trouble quickly and avoid uncalled for visit to an emergency room or hospital (7). PEFR use in Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation (2). The major COPDs are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This is obstructive airway diseases like Asthma. They are almost always caused by cigarette smoking, but occasionally result from air pollution or occupational exposure to airborne irritants (2). Like in asthma, variability of PEFR value is important in diagnosing and after prognosing of COPD. Patients with chronic bronchitis are unlikely to achieve a P.E.F. higher than 400 L/min: if their condition is complicated by emphysema, values of less than 200 L/min are usually found (4). In severe emphysema or in status asthmaticus PEFR may be unrecordable on the standard Wright peak flow meter which cannot measure PEFR if it is less than 60 L/min (4). The importance of identifying chronic bronchitis at a stage before serious, irreversible changes have occurred should need no stressing. Unfortunately, the early symptoms of chronic bronchitis are so unobtrusive that patients seldom attach any importance to them: (4) therefore early chronic bronchitis is likely to be recognized only if it is specially looked for. Nobody is better placed to do this than the general practitioner now that his task has been made less formidable by the provision of objective means of assessment. Though the limitations of PEFR as an index of early chronic bronchitis have yet to be fully measured, there is no doubt that a peak flow meter will enable general practitioners to identify many early bronchitis with much greater confidence than is possible on clinical findings alone (4). Other uses Also absolute peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) has been a valuable measurement in the differentiation of acute dyspea secondary to congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic lung disease (CLD) (15) In experimental research, it was discovered the mean absolute PEFR was 229.9 L / min for the congestive heart failure group and 121.12 L / min for the CLD group; the difference was significant. No single cut off value allowed 100 % accurate classification. However, a PEFR greater than 150 L / min was suggestive of CHF. Whereas a reading less than or equal to 150 L / min was suggestive of CLD. The Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is Valuable in differentiation between CHF and CLD (15). Advantages and Disadvantages of PEFR There are some advantages and disadvantages utilizing peak flow meter in management of respiratory diseases. A peak flow meter that is an inexpensive, portable, handheld device and need no source of electricity and require the minimum of maintenance (4), can be used at the bedside, can be bought any person from market. Peak flow meters are very helpful if person have moderate to severe asthma and require daily asthma medications. Even children ages 4 to 5 and up should be able to use a peak flow meter with good results. People with moderate-to-severe asthma should have a peak flow meter at home (14). Although reproducible, PEFR is not a good measure of airflow limitation since it measures the expiratory flow rate only in the first 2 ms of expiration and overestimates lung function in patients with moderate airflow limitation (3). PEFR is best used to monitor progression of disease and its treatment. Regular measurements of peak flow rates on waking, during the afternoon, and before bed demonstrate the wide diurnal variations in airflow limitation that characterize asthma and allow an objective assessment of treatment to be made It can be difficult to distinguish between asthma and COPD(3): that are same feature respiratory diseases. Also a significant peak flow variability is present in, bronchiectasis, and PTLD, although PEFR remains the most important feature favoring the diagnosis of asthma (10). So there are some difficulties in differentiation of asthma from other obstructive respiratory diseases each other. This is Effort-dependent Poor measure of chronic airflow limitation (3). Older people with poor vision have difficulty reading PEF meter recordings (6). It is important to know that peak flow meter only measures the amount of airflow out of the large airways of the lungs (14). Changes in airflow caused by the small airways (which also occur with asthma) will not be detected by a peak flow meter. Early warning signs, however, may be present. Therefore, it is important, symptoms and early warning signs to best manage in asthma. The most clinically useful measurements of airflow limitation except PEFR are forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1), which may be expressed as a proportion of the forced vital capacity (FVC) as FEV1/FVC per cent (11). Both tests require the patient to provide a reproducible maximal forced expiratory maneuvers using tested and validated equipment. FEV1 has the advantage of a visible tracing of the expelled volume of air over time, which allows the observer to determine whether reproducible maximal forced expiratory manoeuvres have been made (11). PEFR testing does not provide this opportunity. However, peak flow meters employed to measure PEFR, unlike spirometers required to measure FEV1, can be used regularly by patients to monitor their lung function (11).

Beatrice in Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy and the Vita Nuova Essay

Beatrice in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and the Vita Nuova Se quanto infino a qui di lei si dice fosse conchiuso tutto in una loda, poco sarebbe a fornir questa vice. La bellezza ch’io vidi si trasmoda non pur di là ¡ da noi, ma certo io credo che solo il suo fattor tutta la goda† (Paradiso, XXX) In Dante and Difference, Jeremy Tambling asserts that â€Å"Beatrice is throughout dealt with in the Commedia with the assumption that she will already be a familiar figure† in order to make the point that the Commedia â€Å"is not offering itself as a single, separate, autonomous work†. While I agree with Tambling’s claim about the need to read the Commedia as a part of a greater work (and the possible ways of doing this are endless—Vita Nuova a preparation for the Commedia, Commedia as â€Å"sequel† to Vita Nuova, etc) there is something inherently flawed with the first part of his statement: the idea of Beatrice as â€Å"familiar† figure. For Beatrice is actually anything but familiar. Tambling is, of course, referring to the fact that anyone reading the Commedia who has read the Vita Nuova will recognize Beatrice—but the implication is that such a reader will have more knowledge of her than someone reading Dante for the firs t time. In actual fact, the opposite is the case. In the Vita Nuova , we have accompanied Dante in his breathless chase through visions and painstaking re-writings, elaborate lies and fainting fits in the arguably vain attempt to make sense of, to track or write down a woman who has always managed to be the proverbial two steps ahead. By the opening lines of the Inferno, Beatrice is only familiar in her unfamiliarity: we know her as the one who escaped the Vita Nuova unmarked and unwritten, leaving Dante to â€Å"no... ...tric question to represent all that he has been seeking and the solution to be a mathematical or numerical Beatrice. If that is the case, then we might be forgiven for suspecting that even if Dante has obtained the answer, he himself cannot decipher, let alone transcribe, her. Beatrice has escaped again and the chase continues, in a motion that is described at one and the same time with the verb â€Å"volgeva† (think volgere, capovolgere—winding, turning on its head, ie both without end and dizzying and disorientating) and as a â€Å"rota ch’igualmente à © mossa†, an image that brings to mind both a cyclical and thus endless motion (the circular turning of the wheel) as well as a movement forward (the wheel as transportation). â€Å"L’amor che move il sole e l’altra stelle† spurs Dante himself on, mystified by that which he cannot reach, seeking to write the ever-elusive Beatrice.

Another Canada Essay -- essays research papers

When people think of Canada and then compare it to the United States of America, they always tend to think it is similar. At least I did until I started this project. I always thought that Canada was a clone or mirror of America, but I was wrong. About 99.75% of the Canadian people consider ice as something that they use in a drink or something that is always on the road that needs salt. For the rest of the Canadians, ice is a major barrier of life. The ice can be used as a helpful thing to. It could be crafted into a refrigerator. It could also be used as a racetrack for snowmobiles. Now how many ice refrigerators do you find in America? I don’t think the climate in America and support something like that. Eighty percent of Canada is in a subartic zone. While America sits comfortably in the tropical wet-dry to continental humid climate zone. The main population in Canada is rested in between the January temps. of -2Â °F and 14Â °F. Whereas Americas’ main population is in the 41Â °F to 32Â °F range. For Canada, the climate reaches the extremes during winter. About 95% of Canada is 14Â °F and below. America’s winter is about 23Â °F-41Â °F. The dramatic difference may have affected the difference of population. The average population in Canada is 26 people per mi. Â ², compared to 128 people per mi. Â ² in America. I think that the people are more densely populated in the US because the weather is more tolerable. The weather also affects what is grown and produced in the two countries. Canada g...

Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell :: essays research papers fc

Topic 1: What warning does the novel carry for readers at this point in time about where their society is heading? Introduction NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR’s society carries a warning to our society about where we might be heading. However I believe that we are already at a parallel with the society in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . Taking the focus of the media it becomes very clear that our society is very similar to the one in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR if to a lesser extent. Looking at the media shows that the media have control over what we know and therefore what we think. Therefore who ever controls the media controls our thoughts, both here and in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . By showing the similarities between NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR and our world through the media it becomes clear that our society is very closely related to that of NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . Control of our knowledge The media controls our knowledge of the outside world. If we don’t listen to the news we don’t find out what is happening in other countries. The media can be very selective about what stories they broadcast; they will broadcast the news that they think the public will want to hear. An example of this in our world was the September 11 attacks. We heard lots of news about how approximately 7000 people died but we didn’t hear about: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The floods in India which killed thousands of people o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 32700(approx) people who died from hunger and curable diseases on September 11. In NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Ingsoc controls the media. They decide what the people need to know and so effectively control their knowledge. If the party says that Oceania is at war with Eastasia then for all the people know it is. This is also true if the party says that Oceania is at war with Eurasia. Effectively the media controls our knowledge – we know what they choose to broadcast. Control of media Every media group is controlled by somebody. Whoever controls it controls what is broadcast to the public. The extreme case of this is in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . The party controls the media and so all stories go through them. They broadcast what they think it is necessary for the people to know and that is the end of the story. The party is basically the media and everything they say is always correct. If it turns out to be incorrect they change their records so that it is correct.

Looking For Alaska Double Entry Journal

â€Å"Two rows behind me, I heard a chair move and turned around to see Alaska standing up, slinging her backpack over one arm† Peg. 39 This quote shows how loyal Alaska is. She believes that what Budge was getting kicked out of class for was not fair so she did what Alaska usually does-spoke her mind. If Budge was going to get kicked out of class and she was going with him. It only makes him like her even more. Rorer adorable,' she said, and I felt the intensity of her eyes on me and looked away nervously. ‘Too bad I love my boyfriend. † Peg. 43 Budge is so in love with Alaska that just the slightest compliment makes his day. He knows there's something between them and I think Alaska knows that secretly too because of the way she looked at him. But again, her boyfriend is the problem. † â€Å"She smiled with all the delight of a kid on Christmas morning and said, â€Å"Hall smoke to enjoy it, I smoke to die. Peg. 44 1 had to read this quote over a few time s to really get what she meant by it. This quote shows Alaskan character and who she really Is. She Is not afraid of death by smoking. I think she believes that if you live your life to the fullest, that it doesn't matter what age you re when you die. â€Å"But why Alaska? I asked her. She smiled with the right side of her mouth. Well, later I found out what It means. Its from an Aleut word, Alaska.It means â€Å"that which the sea breaks against,† and I love that. † Peg 53 1 wondered why her name was Alaska through the whole first part of the book, because the name interested me so much. I picked this quote because It shows her being more vulnerable and talking about things like her name and Its meaning. I also Like dhow Budge was so Interested In knowing more about Alaska, and I really do hope they get together later In the book.

Teen Pregnancy Analysis

Teen pregnancy has become an increasing problem over the years. Parents, teachers and teens alike all fear for the same thing, teen pregnancy. In several studies the question always remain the same what is the cause of teen pregnancy other than the obvious answer, why is this continuing to increase over the years. Parents always feel that they were not strict enough. Teachers feel that the teens are either rebellious or that they did something wrong with their teaching. Teens feel all sorts of things that adults do not always understand. The studies that will be discussed are focused on teens and what they feel the problem is that causes teens to become young mothers. The research process with the articles that I have chosen is surveying teens to find out the source of the problem. In these articles the goal is to find out the point of view of the teens and to come up with a solution to rising problem of teen pregnancy. The literature was reviewed by several peers and doctors to come up with the opinions and solutions that were revised in the article. In this week’s reading of our text, it was discussed the importance of valid results, and not being biased to one side or another. It was discussed that results can differ from group to group of participants so making sure that the results are valid is important. Also, it is important to make sure that the sources are reliable as well. It would be wrong to ask parents only why they feel teen pregnancy is increasing so much being that teens are the ones involved in these studies. The ethical considerations for data collection is not to violate the teens right to have their voices heard with out having to fear what their parents will know about their sex life. An article in the Apollo library titled â€Å"Rural teen pregnancy reflections who will Listen? † discusses a study that was done on teens with surveying the teens in many different schools to find where this problem stems from. It is determined that most teens feel that they have a lack of information on teen pregnancy and sexual awareness, until hitting high school, which in many cases is too late to receive this information. A series of questions were asked in survey form, teens felt they were receiving information too late and they were self educated themselves long before they learned it from school, or their parents. With media being as violent, and sexual content today that we did not have twenty years ago, kids are curious about sex at younger ages, some even in elementary school. The data that was collected was taken straight from the affected age and targeted different reasons that effect teen pregnancy. They asked a question that was thought to be the reason and asked open ended questions as well meaning questions that do not have a yes or no answer but ones where the teens were forced to give their opinions. In this study the teen’s names were not given, the goal was not to know who the teens were, but to know what can be done to make the awareness of this problem known to teens and their parents. Another study that was performed in this article was on teen a parent who shows that many teen parents do not finish high school and live their adult lives in poverty. Teens who have troubled homes are more likely to become teen parents looking for that security that they have lacked at home, building their own family will give them the love they desire in their mind but they are likely to neglect and or abuse their child or children not intentionally but just out of lack of knowing how to care for their child, when they are still children themselves. Another result of this study reviewed that most teen parents do not marry the father or mother of the baby and the ones that do end in divorce in most cases. Many teen parents will be single parents within the first two years of the child’s life. The end result also proves that teens will have higher risk pregnancies and premature, under nourished babies will be born for lack of knowledge of how to take care of a baby in the womb. Another result of this is because the teen mother’s body was not ready for the change of having a baby. Many health problems in the child and mother’s life results from this as well such as possible asthma in the baby and osteoporosis at an early age for the mother. There are many reasons found in these studies over a few weeks time that teens did not realize to be an issue. From the teens point of view the main issue that was found was that they are not aware of precautions from teen pregnancies and resources that are available to them such as free birth control from the local health department and teen counseling services to encourage practicing safe sex and abstinence as well as lack of information on how pregnancies happen. It has been proven from these studies that these discussion need to occur in middle school or even elementary school. This study showed more statistics that have been proven throughout the years. The end result also proves that teens will have higher risk pregnancies and premature, under nourished babies will be born for lack of knowledge of how to take care of a baby in the womb. Another result of this is because the teen mother’s body was not in the child and mother’s life results from this as well such as possible asthma in the baby and osteoporosis at an early age for the mother. In both studies, the results were determined by questionnaires to teens and teen mothers to determine what the cause of teen pregnancy in their mind was. There have always been theories that teens don’t care about using protection, or that they want to be pregnant but these studies have confirmed that this is not always the case. This case study was a hard one to do at first because teens do not want their friends to pick on them in school for their answers or that they participated so once the barrier was broken there, the case study could be done effectively. The end result was successful because it gave teachers, parents, doctors and teens the tools they needed to change this. The hope is that over the next few years teen pregnancy will decrease dramatically. These health problems are caused because the teen mothers’ body is not fully developed so their body is not ready to bear the weight a pregnant women must bear. In conclusion, the data showed to be effective in both forms of research in both articles. The first article took the approach of survey research for the targeted group which is teens to find a cause of the problem which seems to be a lack of communication between teens and adults, and also a lack of information soon enough for teens. In the other article medical research was done to prove that teen mothers are more likely to develop bone problems earlier in life as their bones were not ready for the pressure a pregnancy causes. Another source that was used in this analysis was the census of teen mothers that drop out of high school and live in poverty trying to upport their children. This trend seems to pass down the genetic line as these homes become problem homes as well and the teens just want love they lacked growing up. Therapy has proven to change this trend as the children of teen mothers need to know how to cope with living in poverty, feeling rejection from their fathers or mothers, and dealing with not seeing their parent as often as their peers as most teen par ents work at least two jobs to provide for their children and still remain in poverty. These problems are being addressed and teen pregnancy is estimated to decrease as more and more resources are becoming available to target teens and warn them of what it really is like being a teen parent. I feel that both of these articles give ample information to effectively make decisions on the studies because there are several teens involved as well as medical studies to support the analysis that was determined. References: Rural teen pregnancy reflections Who will Listen?(2013) retrieved from http://apololibrary .com Teen pregnancy associated with future osteoporosis (2012) retrieved from http://apololibrary.com